370 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
370 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# 系统权限检查功能设计文档
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## 1. 概述
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本设计文档旨在解决应用启动时出现"权限不足"提示的问题。通过分析代码发现，应用在启动时会检查必要的运行时权限，如果权限未被授予，会显示"权限申请失败"的吐司提示。本文档将详细分析权限检查机制，并提出改进方案。
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## 2. 当前权限检查机制分析
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### 2.1 应用权限需求
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根据AndroidManifest.xml文件，应用需要以下权限：
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```xml
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<!-- 存储权限 -->
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS" />
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<!-- 网络权限 -->
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
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<!-- 音频权限 -->
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
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<!-- 位置权限 -->
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
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<!-- 蓝牙权限 -->
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE" />
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />
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<!-- 相机权限 -->
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />
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```
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### 2.2 权限检查流程
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当前权限检查流程如下：
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[应用启动] --> B[检查存储权限]
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B --> C{权限是否授予?}
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C -->|否| D[请求存储权限]
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C -->|是| E[检查录音权限]
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E --> F{权限是否授予?}
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F -->|否| G[请求录音权限]
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F -->|是| H[检查位置权限]
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H --> I{权限是否授予?}
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I -->|否| J[请求位置权限]
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I -->|是| K[检查相机权限]
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K --> L{权限是否授予?}
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L -->|否| M[请求相机权限]
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L -->|是| N[初始化SDK]
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```
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### 2.3 权限检查代码分析
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在MainActivity.java中，权限检查主要通过`checkAndRequestPermissions()`方法实现：
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```java
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private void checkAndRequestPermissions() {
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE}, PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE);
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return;
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}
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO}, PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE);
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return;
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}
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION}, PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE);
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return;
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}
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE);
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}
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}
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```
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权限请求结果处理：
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```java
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@Override
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public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
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super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
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if (requestCode == PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE) {
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boolean allGranted = true;
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for (int grantResult : grantResults) {
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if (grantResult != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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allGranted = false;
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break;
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}
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}
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if (allGranted) {
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initializeSDK();
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} else {
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Toast.makeText(this, "权限申请失败", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
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}
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}
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}
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```
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## 3. 问题分析
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### 3.1 当前实现存在的问题
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1. **逐个检查权限效率低**：当前实现是逐个检查权限，如果第一个权限未授予，就立即请求该权限，而不会检查后续权限。
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2. **缺少权限分组处理**：Android 6.0+引入了权限组概念，同一组的权限只需要用户授权一次。
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3. **用户体验不佳**：用户需要多次授权不同的权限，而不是一次性授权所有需要的权限。
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4. **缺少权限说明**：没有向用户解释为什么需要这些权限。
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### 3.2 可能导致"权限不足"的原因
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1. 用户拒绝了某个或某些权限请求
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2. 在Android 11+设备上，某些权限需要特殊处理
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3. 权限请求时机不当
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4. 权限请求被系统或其他应用干扰
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## 4. 改进方案
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### 4.1 权限检查优化设计
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[应用启动] --> B[检查所有必需权限]
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B --> C{所有权限是否已授予?}
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C -->|是| D[初始化SDK]
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C -->|否| E[显示权限说明对话框]
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E --> F[用户确认后请求所有未授权权限]
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F --> G{用户是否全部授权?}
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G -->|是| D
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G -->|否| H[显示权限不足提示并引导用户手动授权]
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```
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### 4.2 权限分组策略
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根据Android权限组，将权限分为以下几组：
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| 权限组 | 包含权限 |
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|--------|---------|
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| 存储权限组 | WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE, READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE |
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| 麦克风权限组 | RECORD_AUDIO |
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| 位置权限组 | ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION, ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION |
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| 相机权限组 | CAMERA |
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| 蓝牙权限组 | BLUETOOTH, BLUETOOTH_ADMIN, BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE, BLUETOOTH_CONNECT |
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### 4.3 改进后的权限检查代码设计
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```java
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private void checkAndRequestPermissions() {
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List<String> permissionsNeeded = new ArrayList<>();
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// 存储权限检查
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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permissionsNeeded.add(Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
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}
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// 录音权限检查
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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permissionsNeeded.add(Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO);
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}
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// 位置权限检查
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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permissionsNeeded.add(Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
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}
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// 相机权限检查
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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permissionsNeeded.add(Manifest.permission.CAMERA);
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}
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if (permissionsNeeded.isEmpty()) {
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// 所有权限已授予
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initializeSDK();
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} else {
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// 显示权限说明对话框
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showPermissionRationaleDialog(permissionsNeeded);
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}
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}
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private void showPermissionRationaleDialog(List<String> permissions) {
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new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
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.setTitle("权限申请")
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.setMessage("应用需要以下权限才能正常运行:\n\n" +
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"• 存储权限: 用于保存数据和日志\n" +
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"• 麦克风权限: 用于语音识别\n" +
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"• 位置权限: 用于WiFi扫描\n" +
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"• 相机权限: 用于视频功能\n\n" +
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"请点击\"确定\"授予权限")
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.setPositiveButton("确定", (dialog, which) -> {
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requestPermissions(permissions.toArray(new String[0]), PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE);
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})
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.setNegativeButton("取消", (dialog, which) -> {
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Toast.makeText(this, "权限不足，应用可能无法正常运行", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
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})
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.show();
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}
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```
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### 4.4 权限请求结果处理优化
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```java
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@Override
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public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
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super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
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if (requestCode == PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE) {
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List<String> deniedPermissions = new ArrayList<>();
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for (int i = 0; i < permissions.length; i++) {
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if (grantResults[i] != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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deniedPermissions.add(permissions[i]);
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}
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}
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if (deniedPermissions.isEmpty()) {
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// 所有权限已授予
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initializeSDK();
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} else {
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// 有权限被拒绝
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boolean shouldShowRationale = false;
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for (String permission : deniedPermissions) {
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if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(this, permission)) {
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shouldShowRationale = true;
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break;
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}
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}
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if (shouldShowRationale) {
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// 用户拒绝了权限但没有选择"不再询问"
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showPermissionDeniedDialog(deniedPermissions);
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} else {
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// 用户选择了"不再询问"或权限被永久拒绝
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showPermissionPermanentlyDeniedDialog(deniedPermissions);
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}
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}
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}
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}
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private void showPermissionDeniedDialog(List<String> deniedPermissions) {
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new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
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.setTitle("权限被拒绝")
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.setMessage("以下权限被拒绝，应用可能无法正常运行:\n\n" +
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formatDeniedPermissions(deniedPermissions) + "\n\n" +
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"请重新授予权限")
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.setPositiveButton("重新授权", (dialog, which) -> {
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checkAndRequestPermissions();
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})
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.setNegativeButton("取消", (dialog, which) -> {
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Toast.makeText(this, "权限不足，应用可能无法正常运行", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
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})
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.show();
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}
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private void showPermissionPermanentlyDeniedDialog(List<String> deniedPermissions) {
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new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
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.setTitle("权限被永久拒绝")
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.setMessage("以下权限被永久拒绝，请手动到设置页面授予权限:\n\n" +
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formatDeniedPermissions(deniedPermissions) + "\n\n" +
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"点击\"设置\"前往应用设置页面")
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.setPositiveButton("设置", (dialog, which) -> {
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Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS);
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Uri uri = Uri.fromParts("package", getPackageName(), null);
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intent.setData(uri);
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startActivity(intent);
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})
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.setNegativeButton("取消", (dialog, which) -> {
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Toast.makeText(this, "权限不足，应用可能无法正常运行", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
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})
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.show();
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}
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```
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## 5. 特殊权限处理
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### 5.1 Android 11+ 存储权限处理
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从Android 11开始，存储权限有所变化，需要在AndroidManifest.xml中添加:
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```xml
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
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```
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并在代码中处理:
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```java
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if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
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if (!Environment.isExternalStorageManager()) {
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// 请求所有文件访问权限
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Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_APP_ALL_FILES_ACCESS_PERMISSION);
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Uri uri = Uri.fromParts("package", getPackageName(), null);
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intent.setData(uri);
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startActivity(intent);
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}
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}
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```
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### 5.2 蓝牙权限处理
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Android 12+对蓝牙权限进行了细分:
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```java
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if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
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// Android 12+需要BLUETOOTH_CONNECT和BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE权限
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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permissionsNeeded.add(Manifest.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT);
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}
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if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
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permissionsNeeded.add(Manifest.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE);
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}
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}
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```
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## 6. 测试策略
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### 6.1 单元测试
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1. 权限检查方法测试
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2. 权限请求结果处理测试
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3. 不同Android版本兼容性测试
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### 6.2 集成测试
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1. 应用首次启动权限请求流程测试
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2. 权限被拒绝后的处理流程测试
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3. 权限被永久拒绝后的处理流程测试
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4. 所有必需权限被授予后的正常启动测试
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## 7. 实施计划
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### 7.1 第一阶段：权限检查机制重构
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- 实现批量权限检查
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- 实现权限说明对话框
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- 实现权限拒绝处理机制
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### 7.2 第二阶段：特殊权限处理
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- Android 11+存储权限处理
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- Android 12+蓝牙权限处理
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- 权限被永久拒绝的处理
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### 7.3 第三阶段：用户体验优化
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- 权限说明文案优化
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- 权限请求时机优化
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- 异常情况处理优化
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## 8. 风险评估
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### 8.1 技术风险
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1. 不同Android版本权限机制差异可能导致兼容性问题
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2. 权限请求时机不当可能影响用户体验
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3. 特殊设备可能对权限处理有特殊要求
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### 8.2 解决方案
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1. 充分测试不同Android版本的权限处理
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2. 优化权限请求时机，在合适的场景下请求权限
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3. 建立完善的异常处理机制 |